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COUNTERS

 Counter is a register which counts the sequence in binary form.
 The state of counter changes with application of clock pulse.
 The counter is binary or non-binary.
 The total no. of states in counter is called as modulus.
 If counter is modulus-n, then it has n different states.
 State diagram of counter is a pictorial representation of counter states directed by
arrows in graph.

 4-bit Binary Ripple Counter

 All Flip-Flops are in toggle mode.
 The clock input is applied.
 Count enable = 1.
 Counter counts from 0000 to 1111.

Synchronous Binary Counter

 The clock input is common to all Flip-Flops.
 The T input is function of the output of previous flip-flop.
 Extra combination circuit is required for flip-flop input.

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