Microprocessor:
It is a
semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits manufactured
by using
either a Large scale (LSI) or Very Large Scale (VLSI) Integration Technique. It
includes the
ALU, register arrays and control circuits on a single chip.
The
microprocessor has a set of instructions, designed internally, to manipulate
data and
communicate with peripherals. This process of data manipulation and
communication
is determined by the logic design of the microprocessor called the
architecture.
The era
microprocessors in the year 1971, the Intel introduced the first 4-bit
microprocessor
is 4004. Using this the first portable calculator is designed. The following
table1 shows
the list of Intel microprocessors.
Table 1
The different
manufacturing companies are introduced different bit size microprocessors
in the past
decade is shown in the table 2
Table 2
A
microcomputer system just as any other computer system, include two principal
components
Hardware and Software. The hardware is a course the circuitry, cabinetry etc
and the
software is the collection of programs which direct the computer while it
performs its
tasks.
The memory is
used to store both data and instructions that are currently being
used. It is
normally broken into several modules, each module containing several
thousand
locations. Each location may contain part or all of a datum or instruction and
is
associated
with an identifier called a memory address. The CPU does its work by
successfully
inputting, or fetching instructions from memory and carrying out the tasks
detected them.
Figure1.1
shows block diagram of a simple microcomputer. The major parts are
the central
processing unit or CPU, memory and the input and output circuitry or
Input/output.
Connecting these parts are three sets of parallel line is called buses and
control bus.
In a microcomputer the CPU is a microprocessor and is often referred to as
the
microprocessor unit (MPU). Its purpose is to decode the instruction and use
them to
control the
activity with in the system. It performs all arithmetic and logical
computations.
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